Captain Alexander Turner Jnr. and the Scow 'Margaret' 1892-1914

Part I 

Alexander (Sandy) Turner sailed from Ireland to Auckland with his family on the immigrant ship Carisbrooke Castle in 1875. Travelling on to Tauranga by steamer, he established himself as a 27 year old freehold farmer on Katikati’s Uretara River. After farming for some years, he commenced running coastal sailing vessels and cargoes between the Bay of Plenty, Auckland and intermediate ports. 

Captain Alexander Turner Snr. 

Image: The Pioneers: Settlers and Famulies of Katikati and District. Christine Clement, 2012, p.327.

On 13 February 1892, his son Alexander Jnr., known locally as Alec or Alick, sailed into Tauranga harbour with his new purchase, the Margaret, a bluff bowed, flat bottomed, two-masted scow. With a gross weight of 31-tons, it was powered solely by sail [1].

The scow Margaret c. 1890s.

Sitting level in low tide Tauranga  harbour, the crew are offloading posts and sawn timber onto two drays. While scows were often crude and ungainly in appearance, the Margaret has pleasing lines with a nice lift to the capping rail fore and aft. Image: Photographer unknown. Photo 04-572, Te Ao Mārama.

Built at Auckland for its first owner Mrs M. Andrew in late 1884, and described as ‘a small coaster’, the bluff-bowed Margaret was initially engaged in carrying kauri logs, baulk kauri and sawn timber to Auckland, from locations as diverse as Great Barrier Island, Ōrewa, Pūhoi, Pākiri and the Coromandel mill ports at Mercury and Kennedy’s Bay[2]. Between February 1892 and 1906, Captain Alec Turner and the Margaret regularly transported sawn kauri timber from Auckland and Coromandel sawmills to Tauranga, and on to Maketū and Katikati where it was needed for the construction of houses, schools, retail stores, hotels and churches for George Vesey Stewart’s immigrant settlers [3].

The large-scale timber felling and milling operations at Katikati, Whakāmarama, Omanawa and the Ōropi Bush which required numerous scows (most assisted by steam engines) to transport lumber by sea, did not commence in earnest until the early 20th century. During the depression of the 1890s, entrepreneurial local scow owner-captains like Alec Turner took every opportunity to acquire cargoes and ensure that their vessels turned a profit. On St Patrick’s Day 17 March 1892, for instance, he took a party of 30 people on a fishing excursion out into the Bay of Plenty, having sold tickets at 10 shillings per head. Turner continued his fishing excursions as far afield as Tūhua-Mayor Island and picnic excursions from Tauranga to the Mount throughout the 1890s [4].

When not delivering timber to Tauranga on contract, Turner disposed of his own cargoes of sawn timber and posts ‘at unusually cheap prices’, directly to local builders and timber merchants. Soon after purchasing the Margaret he sold off a cargo of sawn timber from Tairua at the Victoria Wharf in Tauranga at just 5 shillings and sixpence per hundred feet, yet was still able to return a profit [5].

The scow Lena Gladys on Katikati’s Uretara River, 1920

Like Captain Turner’s Margaret, the shallow draught Lena Gladys regularly sailed up the Uretara River to deliver and collect freight from Katikati. The Lena Gladys operated in Bay of Plenty waters until the Taneatua branch railway line opened in 1928. Image: Photographer unknown. Western Bay of Plenty District Council Community Archives.

Uplifting their purchases from the Margaret as it lay at Victoria Wharf or as it sat level at low tide locations around the harbour, Turner’s customers transported their purchases away by horse and cart.

Ever the entrepreneur, in October 1893, Turner returned from Mount Maunganui in October 1893 with a cargo of beach shells, before departing to sell them in Auckland for roading and road fill[6]. Turner continued this lucrative sideline into the late 1890s, supplying the Tauranga Borough Council with much needed ‘Mount shell’, as it was called, for local roading [7]. According to the Bay of Plenty Times:

"In those days there were tremendous quantities of marine shell deposited in the locality of the North Rock Light at the Mount. This was shovelled into drays, carted across the isthmus, and loaded into a large scow, the Margaret, in Pilot Bay. The unloading of the boat took place into drays at a point off the eastern end of Spring Street, but unloading periods were restricted to the times when the water was low enough to permit the draught horses to draw the loads. The pulling was heavy too, but nevertheless Cameron Road, the Strand, Devonport Road, and other streets in the business area carried surfaces up to four inches in thickness, when dressed with this material. Those road tops were well maintained. Half-a-century ago practically no metal was used [8]."

View of the Opopoti, Maungatapu Marae and the Rangataua Estuary on 2nd October 1958.

Captain Alec Turner and the Margaret once negotiated the estuary’s shallow inner harbour waters to bring a cargo of raupō (bulrush) for thatching the walls and roof of a new wharenui (meeting house). Image: Bronwyn Taikato. Ref 00-127. Te Ao Mārama.

Again, during April 1899, Turner and the Margaret arrived in Tauranga from an unidentified location with a cargo of raupō for Māori at Matapihi who were constructing a large wharenui. At that time there was also considerable demand for raupō by Ngāi Te Rangi hapu who were repairing their wharenui at Wharēroa Marae (near the present site of the harbour bridge on the Mount Maunganui side), at Karikari Marae (on the inner harbour near modern-day Bay Park Stadium) and at Maungatapu, where the Ngāti He hapū were constructing a new wharenui [9].

References

[1] Clement, Christine and Ellen McCormack, The Pioneer Settlers and Families of Katikati and District, Ellen McCormack, Katikati, 2012, p. 328; Bay of Plenty Times, 20 August 1936, p. 2.

[2] Auckland Star, 6 December 1884, p.2.

[3] Bay of Plenty Times, 1 February 1893, p. 2; 14 December 1898, p. 2; 14 May 1900, p. 2; Auckland Star, 25 March, 1898, p.2.

[4] Bay of Plenty Times, 15 February 1892, p. 2; 27 December 1945, p.4; 21 January 1948, p.2.

[5] Ibid:May 1892, p.2.

[6] Ibid: 30 October, 1893, p.2.

[7] Ibid:15 December 1897: 2; 25 August 1897, p.2.

[8] Ibid: 5 January 1839, p.5.

[9] Ibid:5 April, 1899, p.2.

Peter Dillon, Maungatapu Pa and the Jess, 1835, 1838

Tauranga’s Early Traders - Part III

There were many courageous and adventurous spirits among the sea captains and sailors who settled as traders in Maori communities around Tauranga Harbour from the late 1820s. One of the most remarkable was the red-headed, Irish Catholic, sea captain and adventurer Peter Dillon, who traded at Maungatapu Pa during 1835 and 1838. Described as a man of charm and wit, but prone to anger and violence, Dillon had been made a Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour by the French government in 1829. The honour recognised his role in discovering the fate of the La Perouse expedition which had been wrecked in the Santa Cruz (Solomon) Islands after departing Sydney in 1788. Given the title French Consul for the South Seas, Dillon was also awarded a pension of 4,000 francs (£160) a year and presented to King Louis X of France.¹

 

Peter Dillon, sea captain, explorer, chevalier, trader and author, 1788- 1847

Born to Irish parents in 1788, Dillon later joined the Royal Navy and claimed to have ‘had the honour to serve at the battle of Trafalgar’ on 21 October 1805 at the age of 17. After leaving the Navy, Dillon found his way to Calcutta in India where he began his career as a South Seas trading skipper for hire. Between 1808 and 1813, he visited Polynesia in East India Company ships like the Hunter to trade for sandalwood. At Sydney in 1814, Dillon was hired by Rev. Samuel Marsden to sail the missionary vessel Active to the Bay of Islands on an exploratory expedition. Among his other commands were the Sydney trading vessels Phatisalam (1821), his own vessels Calder (1825) and the St Patrick (1827), the ship on which he first located items from La Perouse’s long-lost ships La Bousolle and L’Astrolabe.²

After living in Paris and enjoying celebrity status for several years, Dillon returned to Sydney in October 1834. Wishing to take advantage of the New Zealand flax trade, he purchased the 77-ton British built schooner Jess. As an owner, Dillon was freed from many former duties by his captain Mr C. Wilson; one Sydney newspaper noting, that, ‘as a concession to his position as Chevalier of the Legion of Honor he no longer knocked the crew about himself’.³

Maungatapu headland and Pa
Maungatapu Pa is located at the harbour end of the promontory on the left side of the photo, with the Matapihi Peninsula across the channel. Part of half tide Rangataua-Welcome Bay is in the foreground with Mauao-Mount Maunganui in the background

At Tauranga’s Maungatapu Pa during 1835, Dillon and his ‘trade’ were welcomed and protected by Kiharoa, Te Mutu and Taupari, leading rangatira of the Ngati He clan of Ngai Te Rangi. A formidable headland fortress, located on the inner harbour between the Waimapu Estuary and Rangataua-Welcome Bay, the pa featured sheer cliffs on three sides above the harbour, topped by palisades, with a great outer ditch and stockade on the landward side.⁴ During the 1830s the pa was besieged by successive seaborne expeditions of Ngapuhi, Ngati Maru and Arawa. Described by the Otumoetai-based trader Joseph Isaac Montifiore as ‘the bravest and strongest’ of the Tauranga hapu’, Ngati He employed the muskets and munitions obtained from resident traders like Dillon to repulse every attempt by enemy tribesmen to storm their fortress.⁵

At the site chosen for the Te Papa mission station in 1834, Dillon found two empty raupo whare, one of which, much to the annoyance of the Anglicans, he requisitioned and shipped to Maungatapu as his home and trading base. An impressive figure at 6 foot 4 inches (193 cm) and heavily built, Dillon’s direct, assertive manner, soon afforded him status as a Pakeha rangatira and man of mana. As Tauranga iwi were fully armed with muskets by 1835, Dillon was obliged to locate markets further afield. Historian L.W. Melvin describes Dillon as a veteran trader who immediately ‘made it known that he had much powder and many muskets to trade for flax, and then sat back and waited as the news penetrated inland as far as the Waikato’.⁶  When Rev Alfred Brown visited Matamata Pa in July 1835, he noted that the leading Ngati Haua rangatira Te Waharoa had crossed the Kaimai Range to Tauranga earlier that month and, having conferred with Dillon at Maungatapu, was:

[U]nable to talk on any other subject other than the great riches of Peter Dillon who has arrived at Tauranga. Peter styles himself French Consul, but is occupied in the rather unconsul-like work of purchasing flax, pigs and potatoes for muskets and powder. It seems that he has prevailed upon the Natives to take down one of the houses which they built for the Missionaries at the Papa, and removed it for his accommodation to the Pa at Maungatapu – his present seat.⁷

Like this sturdy schooner sailing off the Isle of Wight in 1833, Dillon’s Jess was British-built

Dillon delivered to Te Waharoa, within the space of about seven months, three additional consignments of flintlock muskets and munitions. At Maungatapu, Dillon accumulated cargoes of flax, pork and potatoes which the Jess’s skipper collected at pre-arranged times and disposed of, either at the Bay of Islands or Sydney before returning to Tauranga with further ‘trade’. At one point, the Chevalier’s ambitions placed the lucrative cross-Kaimai trade in jeopardy. After he promised to send a Pakeha trading agent to the Ngati Koroki people at Maungatautari in the Waikato, a party of their people set out, laden with flax for Maungatapu. As their path would take them through Matamata and Ngati Haua lands, Te Waharoa denied these competitor’s access. Both iwi prepared for war, which was only averted when Rev. Alfred Brown intervened.⁸  

Dillon returned to Tauranga on the Jess to trade for flax during February-March 1838. By this time intertribal warfare and introduced diseases had reduced the population of Maungatapu Pa to just 300.⁹ Rev William Wade who visited Tauranga while travelling overland between Thames and Rotorua in 1838, noted: ‘While on my visit to the Papa [Te Papa mission station], the "Jess," Capt. Dillon was at anchor in the harbour, having on board an interesting Tonga chief, named Tubou Toutai, and nine natives of the Fiji Islands’.¹⁰

Boarding the Jess with the Te Papa missionaries, Wade was informed by Dillon that while sailing between Fiji and Tauranga he had encountered and rescued ‘eight men and a little boy, who had been driven out to sea by contrary winds and were in distress’. Now ‘entirely destitute of covering, and suffering greatly from change of climate’, the missionaries provided the Fijians with blankets.¹¹ 

While at Te Papa in 1838, Wade recorded a description of the harbour as seen and sailed that year by the vessels of the traders, the Te Papa missionaries and Dillon’s Jess.

The harbours of Tauranga and Katikati may be regarded as parts of one inland sea, which is divided off from the main by a narrow, indented island [Matakana], fifteen or sixteen miles in length…There is often a dangerous sea between Tauranga and Katikati, occasioned by the conflux of rivers and meeting of tides; but the harbour of Tauranga itself is pretty quiet and secure. The eastern head of the Tauranga entrance is formed by Maunganui (great mountain), a steep and solitary hill, rising abruptly from a level tongue of land, and serving as a landmark to vessels off the coast. The entrance itself is narrow, and the harbour shoaly. The general appearance of the country, as you enter, is that of an uninteresting flat; and we found the land around the Papa so extremely destitute of wood, that our supply of fuel and fencing was usually brought by canoes from other parts and purchased from the natives.¹²

Mount Maunganui and Te Papa Mission Tauranga, March 1839

A view of Mount Maunganui, the harbour entrance and Te Papa mission station as seen by Rev Richard Taylor one year after Dillon’s last trading visit in 1838. Matakana and Karewa Islands are shown at far left with Tuhua-Mayor Island and Hopukiore-Mount Drury on the right

When the Jess returned to Sydney on 14 April 1838 with a cargo of flax and oil, the authorities sent the nine Fijians home on another vessel. Dillon now aged 50, returned to Europe after selling the Jess which continued to be sailed out of Sydney into the 1840s.¹³ In Europe he sought, without success, appointment to an official position in New Zealand or the Pacific Islands, and turned to writing before dying in Paris in 1847.

A staunch Roman Catholic, Dillon’s vocal criticism of the Anglican missionaries, and his theft of their whare at Te Papa in 1835, may have been forgiven, but it was not forgotten. In a sermon at St Andrews Church Cambridge in the Waikato, more than a century later, Vicar C.W. Chandler referred to ‘unscrupulous traders such as Peter Dillon of Tauranga… whose desire to make money out of bloodshed, made the task of … pioneering missionaries like A.N. Brown even harder than it should have been’.¹⁴

At the Bay of Islands on the vessel Research in 1827, Dillon had been asked by the dying Ngapuhi musket general Hongi Hika to take his daughter as a wife. ‘The Chevalier, notwithstanding the charms of the lady, declined the proposal and proceeded on his voyage’.¹⁵ Dillon was not usually so reticent. He and his crews often sailed with Polynesian women on board as temporary wives. In 1839 the Presbyterian minister John Dunmore Lang reported seeing one of the Irishman’s daughters aged 11 or 12, ‘barefooted’, ‘bareheaded’, and ‘clad in a New Zealand mat’ on the banks of the Kauakaua River.¹⁶   New Zealand’s pre-Treaty traders were notoriously prolific breeders, some fathering as many as 40 children and the chevalier may well have left descendants in Tauranga.¹⁷ 

Image Credits

Pardon, Daniel, Travel Diary -1827. Dillon the Adventurer Who Located La Perouse, https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Carnet-de-voyage-1827-Dillon-l-aventurier-qui-localisa-La-Perouse

Welcome Bay, Tauranga. Postcard published by F. Duncan & Co, Auckland, Collection of Justine Neal, courtesy of The Tauranga Historical Society.

William Clark. A British topsail schooner inward bound off the Needles, Isle of Wight, with a cutter and other shipping in the distance, 1833, Public Domain

Taylor, Richard, ‘View of Maunga nui & Papa Mission Tauranga. Mar. 1839’. Auckland War Memorial Museum. Ref. PD-1961-14-p171-1

Endnotes

¹ The Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 5 August 1939: 10. J. W. Davidson, ‘Peter Dillon and the South Seas’, History Today, Vol. 6, No. 5, May 1956:  307-17.

² Ibid. McCauley, Debbie, Peter Dillon, WordPress.com, https://debbiemccauleyauthor.wordpress.com › biogra...

³ Daily Telegraph (Sydney), 13 May 1933: 5.

⁴ Jones, T. M; ‘HMS Pandora in the Bay of Plenty, 1852’, Extracts from the Journal of Lieutenant T.M. Jones, RN, Part II: 72-73, in Historical Review: Journal of the Whakatane and District Historical Society Inc. Vol. XVIII, No.2: 72.

⁵ Sydney Herald, 17 July 1937: 2.

⁶ Melvin, L.W; ‘Te Waharoa of the Ngatihaua’, in The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 71, No. 4, 1962: 368, 371 (361-378).

⁷ Journals of Alfred Brown, 27-28 July 1835 cited in McCauley, Debbie, Peter Dillon, WordPress.com

⁸ Vennell, C. W; Such Things Were: The Storyof Cambridge, NZ, Reed, Dunedin, 1939: 34.

⁹ Wade, William, A Journey in the North Island of New Zealand, Hobart, George Rolwegan, 1842: 135.

¹⁰ Ibid

¹¹ Ibid: 134, 138.

¹² Ibid: 134-137.

¹³ Tegg's New South Wales Pocket Almanac and Remembrancer, 1841: 6.

¹⁴ Waikato Independent, 19 December 1939: 4.

¹⁵ Woolls, W.A. A Short Account of the Character and Labours of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, B. Isaacs, Parramatta 1844: 76.

¹⁶ Dunmore Lang, John, New Zealand in 1839, Smith, Elder and Co, London, 1839: 58.

¹⁷ Bentley, Trevor, Pakeha Maori: The Extraordinary Story of the Europeans Who Lived as Maori in Early New Zealand, Panguin, Auckland, 1999: 204-205.

The schooner Trent and Major Thomas Bunbury, 1840

Early Sailing Vessels and Visitors to Tauranga, Part XIX

On the morning of 29th April, 1840, H.M.S. Herald left the Bay of Islands, bound for the Coromandel and Bay of Plenty. The skipper, Captain Nias, had been tasked with taking Major Thomas Bunbury, officer commanding the British military forces in New Zealand, on a tour to secure further signatures to the Treaty of Waitangi. An experienced officer, Bunbury had just returned from a term as Lieutenant-Governor of the Norfolk Island convict settlement. Accompanying Bunbury as interpreter, was Edward Marsh Williams, who had assisted his father, the Rev Henry Williams in Translating the Treaty from English to Maori.  After obtaining Treaty signatures at Coromandel Harbour and Mercury Bay, where the Herald remained at anchor, Bunbury proceeded to Tauranga on the 18 ton schooner Trent which had been chartered for the purpose.

A 17 ton, Bay of Islands-built schooner at anchor, 1845

Described as ‘a little schooner,’ the Trent had been built during 1826, near the mouth of the Kawakawa Inlet, Bay of Islands on a small plot of land noted for its ‘two remarkable trees.’ The site had been purchased from the Ngapuhi rangatira Pomare II or Whetoi, at nearby Otuihu Pa for £10 by the shipwrights Thomas Scott and James Hawkins. With the assistance of the caulker Flower Russell, they completed and launched the schooner in 1837. The vessel’s initial survey certificate which has survived, reads:

This is to certify that Gilbert Mair has held a survey on the ship Trent, built at the Bay of Islands by James Hawkins and Thomas Scott in 1837, of which Thomas Bateman, trader, is the sole owner, the master and builders being British subjects. The vessel has one deck, is schooner rigged, square sterned, has a figurehead and no quarter galleries [balconies used as lookouts and for latrines on each side of the stern], and is of the burthen of 18 tons.

During the Trent’s coastal trading voyages, the skipper proudly flew New Zealand's first flag - the flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand. After 33 northern chiefs signed the Declaration of Independence in 1835, the British government had recognized New Zealand as an independent Maori state. Locally built vessels flew this flag and the signed authority for the schooner read: ‘Trent is entitled to bear that flag and be respected accordingly. Given under my hand and seal at the British Residency, James Busby.’

HMS Herald and a steam ship tender, 1852.

Before HMS Herald departed the Bay of Islands, Captain Nias had been requested to ‘display the force of his ship’ at Tauranga ‘to show that we were prepared to resent any violence’, as a European had been reported killed in the region. Nias wisely ignored the recommendation and contracted Captain Bateman’s schooner Trent, to convey Bunbury from Mercury Bay to Tauranga instead.

After a quick passage to Tauranga, Bateman was unable to sail the Trent through the narrow channel under Mount Maunganui, due to contrary winds and tide, and was compelled to stand out to sea. They Treaty party were becalmed under the Mount for much of the following day, until a favourable wind propelled them through the channel and across the harbour to the landing below the Te Papa mission station.

The major’s Tauranga dispatch to Lieutenant Governor Shortland began:

I have made an excursion in the schooner “Trent,” to Tauranga. She left the "Herald" at Mercury Bay on the 12th instant late in the evening, and arrived off Tauranga on the Sunday following; but the night was too far advanced to attempt to enter the harbour until the following day when Mr. Parker of H. M. ship "Herald," Mr. Williams and myself went on shore at the mission station, where we were received by the Reverend Mr. Stack; and I was agreeably surprised to learn that most of the native chiefs in that neighbourhood had already signed the treaty, with the exception of the principal chief [Hori Tupaea], and one or two of his friends at the Otumoiti Pa.

Major Thomas Bunbury
A veteran British army officer, Bunbury held the rank of major during the Peninsula War in Portugal and Spain.

The resident missionaries Alfred Brown and James Stack had, in fact, gathered few signatures on their Māori-language copy of the Treaty, by the time Bunbury arrived on 11 May to check on  progress. Bunbury instructed Stack to produce two more copies of the Treaty. One was sent inland to Rotorua, the other to Taupō, where both Te Arawa and Ngāti Tūwharetoa refused to sign.

Accompanied by Stack, the Treaty party visited Otumoetai Pa which Bunbury described as ‘a very extensive fortification, and appears to contain about one thousand men’. Unable to persuade the principal chief Hori Tupaea to sign his Treaty copy, Bunbury described the rangatira as ‘a very young man’ whose manner was ‘less than prepossessing than I had before seen in others’. Bunbury also stated that rangatira’s reluctance was driven by Catholic influences at Otumoetai Pa. (Tupaea had previously welcomed Bishop Pompallier’s Catholic missionaries and had his Ngai Te Rangi people assist them in building their chapel within Otumoetai Pa).

Captain Bateman next conveyed Bunbury on the Trent to Maungatapu Pa on the inner harbour, where he was received hospitably by the Nuka Taipari, principal chief of the Ngati He hapu of Ngai Te Rangi. There, he found that all but two rangatira had previously signed the Treaty and described the pa and its people as ‘of considerable strength and importance.’ In contrast to Hori Tupaea, Bunbury considered Taipari ‘well disposed towards the government’ and ‘a fine intelligent-looking fellow.’

Hori Kingi Tupaea
During the 1830s Tupaea succeeded his father Te Waru as leading rangatira of Tauranga’s Ngai Te Rangi people.

Coincidentally the shipwright Thomas Scott, who helped build the Trent in 1836, had operated a harekeke or flax trading station at Maungatapu Pa during the early 1830s. At this time, Tauranga Maori were exchanging dressed flax by the ton, for muskets and munitions. Rev Henry Williams who was at Tauranga in March 1833, trying to mediate in the bloody skirmishes between marauding Ngāpuhi, the local people, and Te Arawa, refers to ‘a Mr Scott who resides there as a flax agent.’ Williams subsequently made two visits to Scott at Maungatapu ‘to discuss the affairs of the natives’, It appears that by 1834 Scott was back in Sydney, at his previous and safer trade of boatbuilding.

During his time at Tauranga, Bunbury he had some profitable talks during runanga (public meetings) on a variety of Treaty related issues, particularly land sales, though he found the interminable questions posed by the rangatira exasperating. He was also dismayed by the fierce and disruptive competition for Maori converts, waged between the resident Catholic and Anglican missionaries, noting:

Whenever the boat of the Protestant mission, I was told, left the station, a boat with the priests started also at the same time for the same Pa. These unseemly disputes sometimes ending with rioting could not have been very edifying to the natives. With Mercutio they might justly exclaim, "A plague o' both your houses."

The Treaty party departed Tauranga Harbour on the Trent before daylight on 13th March, bound for Mercury Bay and HMS Herald. Against wind and tide they were barely able to claw their way through the channel. Before rejoining the Herald, they were becalmed again, this time between Te Ruamaahu (The Alderman Islands) and Tuhua (Mayor Island), but later reported that the fishing was excellent. Governor Hobson received the Tauranga Treaty sheet with its 21 signatures on 23 May 1840. Bunbury ended his Tauranga dispatch on a cynical note, suggesting that that the Otumoetai Treaty resistors, were unlikely to change their minds ‘until out bidden by the promise of an increased premium.’

Sources
Bunbury, Thomas, Reminiscences of a Veteran, Vol. III, London, Charles Skeet, 1861.
Evening Post, 22 October 1920: 8.
Lambourne, Alan, Major Thomas Bunbury: Envoy Extraordinary, New Zealand Soldier – Treaty Maker, Heritage Press, Waikanae, 1995.
Locker, Ronald H; ‘Thomas Scott lands in the Mahurangi’, http://www.mahurangi.org.nz › thomas-scott-and-sons
Matthew, Felton, The Founding of New Zealand, The Journals of Felton Matthew, Reed, Dunedin, 1940.
Patea Mail, 29 April, 1940: 1
Tauranga treaty copy | NZHistory, New Zealand history online, https://nzhistory.govt.nz › media › interactive › taurang...
Williams, Henry, The Early Journals of Henry Williams, 1826-1840, L. M. Rogers (comp.),  Pegasus Press, Christchurch,1961.

Illustrations
Hutton, Thomas, 'The Bishop's [Selwyn’s] schooner "Flying Fish" lying at her moorings in Orakei Bay, April 4th 1845,’ E-111-1-071, National Library of New Zealand.
HMS Herald  and steamship tender Torch, ‘Expedition to the South Sea’, Illustrated London News, 15 May 1852.
Bunbury, Thomas, Reminiscences of a Veteran, Vol. III, London, Charles Skeet, 1861: Front Cover.
Hōri Kingi Tūpaea, by Horatio Gordon Robley, c.1864. From the album of Henry Harpur Greer Digital image donated to Tauranga City Libraries in 2003 by Mike Dottridge (great, great grandson of Colonel Greer). Original painting donated to Alexander Turnbull Library (Ref: A-128-025-1). Link: http://tauranga.kete.net.nz/tauranga_local_history/images/show/8961